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1.
Rev. medica electron ; 36(1): 3-14, ene.-feb. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-703956

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria constituyen un grave problema de la salud pública a nivel mundial por su frecuencia y elevada mortalidad. El Acinetobacter spp. en la última década ha emergido como importante patógeno oportunista nosocomial. Dentro de estas especies, A. baumanii es la principal especie que se aisla hasta en 92 por ciento de las bacteriemias nosocomiales. La mayoría de los reportes de bacteriemia nosocomial por A. baumanii (B Ab) son de brotes en unidades de cuidados intensivos de pacientes adultos. Se ha reportado el incremento de la resistencia a antimicrobianos de este germen. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal acerca de la infección por Acinetobacter spp. en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, del municipio de Matanzas, entre los meses de octubre de 2011 a julio de 2012. Teniendo en cuenta la ausencia de un estudio anterior en Matanzas sobre infección por este microorganismo, se decidió identificar la incidencia de Acinetobacter spp. según muestra biológica y servicio de procedencia e identificar la sensibilidad/resistencia del mismo, lo cual permitirá instaurar un tratamiento eficaz a los pacientes portadores de esta bacteria atendiendo al patrón de susceptibilidad encontrado en el estudio. La especie más frecuente fue A. baumanii, fundamentalmente en secreción endotraqueal y hemocultivo, procedentes en su mayoría de UTI, siendo este servicio el que aportó más cantidad de cepas MDR. Se encontró una mayor sensibilidad a antimicrobianos no considerados de primera línea como doxiciclina, tetraciclina y trimetropim-sulfametoxazol.


Infections associated to the sanitary care are serious public health problems at the international level because of their frequency and high mortality. In the last ten years, Acinetobacter spp. has emerged as an important nosocomial opportunistic pathogen. Among these species, A. baumanii (B Ab) is the main isolated species covering as many as 92 per cent of the nosocomial bacteremias. Most of the reports of nosocomial bacteremias by A. baumanii (B Ab) are outbreaks in adult patient intensive care units. It has been reported a boost of this germ antimicrobial resistance. We carried out a cross sectional, descriptive, observational study on Acinetobacter spp. infection, in the University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández of Matanzas municipality, from October 2011 to July 2012. Taking into account the absence of a previous study in Matanzas on infections caused by this microorganism, we decided identifying the Acinetobacter spp. incidence according to biological samples and coming-from service and identifying its sensibility/resistance, allowing the instauration of the efficacious treatment of the patients who carry this bacterium, considering the susceptibility pattern found in the study. The most frequently found species was A. baumanii, mainly in endotracheal secretions and hemo-cultures, most of them coming from Intensive Therapy Units, being this service the one contributing with more quantity of multidrug resistant stocks. We found a bigger sensibility to antimicrobials that are not considered first line ones like doxycycline, tetracycline and trimetoprim-sulfametoxazole.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Acinetobacter baumannii , Critical Care , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Observational Studies as Topic
2.
Clinics ; 68(8): 1128-1133, 2013. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-685426

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with colonization by carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter spp. METHODS: Surveillance cultures were collected from patients admitted to the intensive care unit at admission, on the third day after admission and weekly until discharge. The outcome was colonization by these pathogens. Two interventions were implemented: education and the introduction of alcohol rubs. Compliance with hand hygiene, colonization pressure, colonization at admission and risk factors for colonization were evaluated. RESULTS: The probability of becoming colonized increased during the study. The incidence density of colonization by carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter spp. and colonization pressure were different between periods, increasing gradually throughout the study. The increase in colonization pressure was due to patients already colonized at admission. The APACHE II score, colonization pressure in the week before the outcome and male gender were independent risk factors for colonization. Every 1% increase in colonization pressure led to a 2% increase in the risk of being colonized. CONCLUSION: Colonization pressure is a risk factor for carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa and multiresistant Acinetobacter spp. colonization. When this pressure reaches critical levels, efforts primarily aimed at hand hygiene may not be sufficient to prevent transmission. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , beta-Lactam Resistance , Carbapenems , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Intensive Care Units , Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology , APACHE , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter/drug effects , Bacterial Load , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Hospitalization , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas Infections/prevention & control , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Risk Factors , Time Factors
3.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 30(6): 603-609, Dec. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612957

ABSTRACT

Objective. To determine whether restricting the use of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin could significantly reduce colonization and infection with resistant Gram-negative bacilli (r-GNB). Methods. A two-phase prospective study (before/after design) was conducted in an intensive care unit in two time periods (2004–2006). During phase 1, there was no antibiotic restriction. During phase 2, use of ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin was restricted. Results. A total of 200 patients were prospectively evaluated. In phase 2, the use of ceftriaxone was reduced by 93.6% (P = 0.0001) and that of ciprofloxacin by 65.1% (P = 0.041), accompanied by a 113.8% increase in use of ampicillin-sulbactam (P = 0.002). During phase 1, 48 GNB were isolated [37 r-GNB (77.1%) and 11 non-r-GNB (22.9%)], compared with a total of 64 during phase 2 [27 r-GNB (42.2%) and 37 non-r-GNB (57.8%)] (P = 0.0002). Acinetobacter spp. was isolated 13 times during phase 1 and 3 times in phase 2 (P = 0.0018). The susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to ciprofloxacin increased from 40.0% in phase 1 to 100.0% in phase 2 (P = 0.0108). Conclusions. Restriction of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin reduced colonization byAcinetobacter spp. and improved the susceptibility profile of P. aeruginosa.


Objetivo. Determinar si la restricción del uso de ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino reduce significativamente la colonización y la infección por bacilos gramnegativos resistentes. Métodos. Se efectuó un estudio prospectivo de dos fases (diseño antes/después de la intervención) en una unidad de cuidados intensivos en dos períodos sucesivos entre los años 2004 y 2006. Durante la fase 1, no hubo ninguna restricción de antibióticos. Durante la fase 2, se restringió el uso de ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino. Resultados. Se evaluó prospectivamente a 200 pacientes en total. En la fase 2, el uso de ceftriaxona se redujo en 93,6% (P = 0,0001) y el de ciprofloxacino en 65,1% (P = 0,041), lo que se acompañó de un aumento de 113,8% en el uso de ampicilina/sulbactam (P = 0,002). Durante la fase 1, se aislaron 48 bacilos gramnegativos (37 resistentes [77,1%] y 11 no resistentes [22,9%]), en comparación con un total de 64 durante la fase 2 (27 resistentes [42,2%] y 37 no resistentes [57,8%]) (P = 0,0002). Se aisló Acinetobacter spp. 13 veces durante la fase 1 y 3 veces en la fase 2 (P = 0,0018). La sensibilidad de Pseudomonas aeruginosa al ciprofloxacino aumentó de 40,0% en la fase 1 a 100,0% en la fase 2 (P = 0,0108). Conclusiones. La restricción del uso de ceftriaxona y ciprofloxacino redujo la colonización por Acinetobacter spp. y mejoró el perfil de sensibilidad de P. aeruginosa.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Ciprofloxacin/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Pseudomonas Infections/prevention & control , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Diagnosis-Related Groups , Drug Prescriptions/statistics & numerical data , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Drug and Narcotic Control , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Hospitals, Public/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Prospective Studies , Pseudomonas Infections/epidemiology , Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolation & purification , Superinfection , Uruguay/epidemiology
4.
Braz. j. infect. dis ; 13(5): 341-347, Oct. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-544986

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection, frequent in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients, is commonly associated with high morbimortality. Several outbreaks due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumanii have been reported but few of them in Brazil. This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with colonization and infection by MDR and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains isolated from patients admitted to the adult ICU at HC/UFMG. A case-control study was performed from January 2007 to June 2008. Cases were defined as patients colonized or infected by MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii, and controls were patients without MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii isolation, in a 1:2 proportion. For statistical analysis, due to changes in infection control guidelines, infection criteria and the notification process, this study was divided into two periods. During the first period analyzed, from January to December 2007, colonization or infection by MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii was associated with prior infection, invasive device utilization, prior carbapenem use and clinical severity. In the multivariate analysis, prior infection and mechanical ventilation proved to be statistically significant risk factors. Carbapenem use showed a tendency towards a statistical association. During the second study period, from January to June 2008, variables with a significant association with MDR/carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii colonization/infection were catheter utilization, carbapenem and third-generation cephalosporin use, hepatic transplantation, and clinical severity. In the multivariate analysis, only CVC use showed a statistical difference. Carbapenem and third-generation cephalosporin use displayed a tendency to be risk factors. Risk factors must be focused on infection control and prevention measures considering A. baumanni dissemination.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolation & purification , beta-Lactam Resistance , Carbapenems , Cross Infection/microbiology , Disease Outbreaks , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Case-Control Studies , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index
6.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 62(2): 118-20, abr. 1991.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-104616

ABSTRACT

En marzo de 1989 en la unidad de neonatología del hospital San Juan de Dios se detectó Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subespecie anitratus (ACA) en un RN con infección de la piel circundante de una herida de colostomía. Otro niño, hospitalizado en la misma sala, presentaba colonización de piel con ACA y, dado que requería tratamiento quirúrgico, recibio profilaxis con sulbactam-ampicilina antes y después de la operación. El tercer caso nació el mismo mes, era una RN muy inmadura que sufrió septicemia precoz de Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var.lwoffi susceptible a gentamicina. Tratada con este antibiótico, evolucionó satisfactoriamente. En el control microbiológico de la unidad de neonatología se pesquisó este último microorganismo en los termómetros de la sala de atención inmediata, y en las manos de una auxiliar que la atendió varias semanas, mientras la variedad anitratus había sido detectada el mes anterior en los pabellones quirúrgicos y equipos de anestesia. El control microbiológico y la aplicación en equipo de técnicas de limpieza, aislamiento y lavado de manos adecuados, evitaron probablemente un brote epidémico


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Female , Male , Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology , Acinetobacter/pathogenicity , Cross Infection/microbiology , Acinetobacter Infections/drug therapy , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter Infections/transmission , Acinetobacter/isolation & purification , Gentamicins/therapeutic use , Sepsis/microbiology , Skin/microbiology , Sulbactam/therapeutic use
7.
Horiz. enferm ; 2(2): 29-32, 1991.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-126034

ABSTRACT

Acinetobacter es una bacteria Gram negativa no fermentadora, que se ha presentado en numerosos hospitales de nuestro país a partir de mediados de 1988. Es un gérmen patógeno oportunista, agente de infecciones nosocomiales que infecta a huéspedes inmunodeficientes y cuando alcanza localización que son normalmente estériles, a partir de traumatismos y de técnicas invasivas. Este microroganismo es altamente transmisible por vía directa, siendo las manos de las personas del equipo de salud el mayor vehículo de difusión. El problema radica en la alta resistencia antibiótica que presentan algunas cepas; en la mayoría de los casos son sensibles únicamente al ampisulbactan, de aquí la importancia de su prevención y control intrahospitalario


Subject(s)
Acinetobacter , Acinetobacter Infections , Acinetobacter Infections/prevention & control , Acinetobacter Infections/transmission , Acinetobacter Infections/epidemiology
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